I read a lot of self-help books and they are mostly all the same. Change your thinking and change your life. Still, there is one book that I have returned to many times. It is not technically in the self-help genre, more technical, but it holds information essential to understanding how we see relationships. 

The Neuroscience of Human Relationships, by Louis Cozolino, investigates how our brains are organised for connection and how early interactions influence our ability to attach as adults. Chapters 6 and 8 offer important insights into how social relationships influence brain development and emotional regulation, with a special emphasis on the strong bond between mother and child. These early experiences create the foundations for how we interact with others later in life, often contributing to patterns of reliance and emotional enmeshment.

In Chapter 6, Cozolino presents the concept of the “social synapse,” which is the space between people where communication occurs through nonverbal cues like eye contact, facial expressions, body language, and touch. Interactions with carers shape the brain beginning at birth. For example, when a mother looks at her newborn with love and affection, the baby’s brain produces oxytocin and endogenous opiates, which create emotions of safety and pleasure. These early experiences shape the brain’s belief that relationships bring comfort and security.

A securely attached child, whose mother is constantly responsive, develops a sense of safety in connections. They understand that the connection is reliable and that their demands will be satisfied. Still, when carers are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or inattentive, the child’s brain adjusts differently. Instead of feeling safe, they may become hyper-aware of other people’s feelings, continually seeking affirmation or changing their behaviour to keep closeness. This establishes tendencies that can lead to codependent behaviour in adulthood.

Chapter 8 focusses on this by explaining “sociostasis,” the concept that people manage each other’s emotions in the same way that the body regulates its own internal equilibrium. The mother-child link is the most deep manifestation of this. When a baby cries, a responsive mother calms them with touch, speech, or presence, allowing the baby’s nervous system to quiet down. Over time, these interactions teach the youngster how to manage their emotions independently.

However, when a carer is inconsistent—sometimes calming, sometimes distant—the youngster struggles to control their own emotions. They may grow up being too sensitive to the moods of others, believing that their own well-being is dependent on making people around them happy. As adults, they may feel responsible for other people’s emotions while ignoring their own, which is a common characteristic of codependent relationships.

Cozolino also discusses the brain’s reward mechanisms, which help to reinforce social behaviours. Dopamine and oxytocin are released during pleasant social encounters, resulting in emotions of pleasure and bonding. This mechanism is essential for bonding, but in dysfunctional relationships, it can lead to dependency. Being in love triggers the same neurological pathways as addiction, causing the brain’s reward system to become obsessively active. When someone relies on a relationship for emotional stability, their brain desires connection, much like an addict craves a substance. The lack of that connection can cause withdrawal-like symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and a strong desire to re-establish closeness, even at personal expense.

This explains why persons with insecure attachments tend to stay in toxic partnerships. The brain, built for connection, can become obsessed with the source of emotional highs, even if it causes harm. The cycle of seeking validation, receiving short relief, and then feeling empty again resembles addictive behaviour, promoting codependency.

Breaking these tendencies demands deliberate effort and self-awareness. Cozolino emphasises the need of self-regulation, which involves developing internal emotional stability rather than relying on external validation. He suggests that mindfulness, therapy, and self-reflection can help retrain the brain’s response to relationships. Healing entails learning to accept discomfort, establishing boundaries, and devising self-soothing solutions.

Dr. Nicholas Jenner, in his Self-Leadership for Codependents program, agrees: “Codependency is an addiction to external validation, and recovery begins when we start meeting our own needs first.” He emphasises self-leadership, which means accepting responsibility for one’s emotional well-being rather than seeking acceptance or rescue from others. His method emphasises developing self-worth independent of relationships, allowing people to construct healthier, more balanced partnerships.

Cozolino’s research demonstrates that, while our brains are geared for connection, true relational health requires balance. Early experiences influence how we manage relationships, but with knowledge and effort, bad patterns may be broken. Individuals can break free from dependency by recognising the similarities between love and addiction and implementing self-regulation skills.